# A leaflet signed by a league that did not exist, with Le Loi on the front

A 1964 Vietnamese-language leaflet with a drawn portrait of the fifteenth-century hero Le Loi calls on readers to uphold the unyielding will of the Lac-Hong lineage in destroying communism. FRAME credits JUSPAO and MACV-SOG, writing in the name of the notional Sacred Sword of the Patriots League.

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- A leaflet signed by a league that did not exist, with Le Loi on the front

      Nêu cao ý chí bất khuất (Uphold the Unyielding Will), Sacred Sword of the Patriots League leaflet with Le Loi

      A leaflet signed by a league that did not exist, with Le Loi on the front
      A 1964 leaflet with Le Loi's portrait, issued by U.S. psychological operations under the name of an invented Vietnamese league, the Sacred Sword.

## Techniques named on the archive record

TransferNarrative laundering
      Date1964Made byJUSPAO / MACV-SOG, in the name of the notional Sacred Sword of the Patriots LeagueMediumLeafletCountryUnited StatesRegimeJohnson AdministrationSourceImpersonated Source falsified: fake personas, outlets or documentsSourceWikimedia Commons (copy of JUSPAO leaflet via psywarrior.com) , retrieved October 2, 2026SourcePD-USGov per Commons page (17 U.S.C. 105 federal work); Public Domain Mark 1.0; PD-South Vietnam Gov JUSPAO / MACV-SOG; Wikimedia Commons.
      Object, image, and catalog record from the FRAME archive. Text on this page is CC BY 4.0. Image rights are as the archive records.

      Full record at propagandaarchive.org

  A 1964 Vietnamese-language leaflet with a drawn portrait of the fifteenth-century hero Le Loi calls on readers to uphold the unyielding will of the Lac-Hong lineage in destroying communism. FRAME credits JUSPAO and MACV-SOG, writing in the name of the notional Sacred Sword of the Patriots League.

## What it prints

A drawn warrior in a headband and armor holds a weapon, with mountains and riders behind him. A label inside the drawing, only partly legible, names him Le Loi. Below the picture runs one slogan in two lines.

NÊU CAO Ý CHÍ BẤT KHUẤT CỦA GIỐNG GIÒNG LẠC-HỒNG

TRONG CÔNG TÁC DIỆT CỘNG CỨU NƯỚC.

[label inside drawing, partly illegible: ... LÊ LỢI]

FRAME transcription. FRAME's English rendering: "Uphold the unyielding will of the Lac-Hong lineage in the work of destroying communism and saving the nation" (machine-assisted, not verified by a fluent reader). The second word of "giống giòng" is an uncertain reading from a small image. Full record at propagandaarchive.org.

FRAME notes that Lac-Hong is a traditional name for the mythic descent of the Vietnamese people, and that a small mark at the right may read N-221.

## Who made it

The archive's maker line is JUSPAO and MACV-SOG, "in the name of the notional Sacred Sword of the Patriots League." Notional means invented. The leaflet presents itself as the voice of a Vietnamese patriotic movement; the record says it was written by American psychological operations. FRAME's source category for it is "impersonated": a fake persona.

The copy comes from Wikimedia Commons, which took it from psywarrior.com, retrieved 2 October 2026. Rights are recorded as PD-USGov, a federal work, with the Commons page also carrying a Public Domain Mark and a PD-South Vietnam Gov tag. No NAID is given.

## How to read it

Two borrowings are stacked. The first is Le Loi, the hero who drove the Ming out of Vietnam in the fifteenth century, enlisted to endorse a twentieth-century anti-communist appeal. FRAME calls that transfer. The second is the signature. A reader who trusted a patriotic league was trusting someone who was not there. That is narrative laundering.

This was wartime, aimed at an enemy population, and armies have used false flags for a long time. Even so, it is worth saying plainly what the method is: government speech that hides who is speaking. The same method, turned inward, is the subject of COINTELPRO and the press. An American instance from the Kennedy years, with the government's own description of the cover, is the Radio Swan annex.

## Sources

- FRAME object record, Nêu cao ý chí bất khuất (Uphold the Unyielding Will), Sacred Sword of the Patriots League leaflet with Le Loi, 1964. JUSPAO / MACV-SOG. Wikimedia Commons, File:JUSPAO_Leaflet_Depicting_Le_Loi.JPG (copy via psywarrior.com), retrieved 2 October 2026. Rights as recorded: PD-USGov (17 U.S.C. 105).

Canonical: https://americanpropaganda.org/collection/sspl-le-loi-leaflet-1960s/